Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a contagious respiratory virus that causes symptoms similar to those of RSV and flu, and poses significant risks to infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised people.
In recent months, human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has been in the headlines due to a notable increase in cases, raising concerns among both healthcare professionals and the public. Although discovered in 2001, this respiratory virus has been silently circulating for decades, causing respiratory illnesses similar to those caused by influenza and RSV. The recent rise in infection has highlighted the need for greater awareness about the virus, especially as it often goes undiagnosed due to overlapping symptoms with other respiratory illnesses.
HMPV belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, which is closely related to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus. It primarily affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts and is most dangerous for infants, older adults, and immunocompromised people. While most healthy people recover with mild symptoms, severe infections can lead to bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
India reports first case of HMPV virus
Recently, amid the sudden rise in such cases in China, the first case was recorded in India. Human metapneumovirus has been detected in an eighth-month-old baby in Bengaluru. The case was confirmed by the Karnataka Health Department and the child reportedly has no travel history. The HMPV virus detected in India is different. However, it is unclear whether the virus reported in China and the strain found here are related.
How HMPV spreads
HMPV is highly contagious and spreads through –
•Respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
•Direct contact with an infected person.
•Touch contaminated surfaces and then touch your face, eyes or mouth.
The virus tends to spread most actively during the late winter and spring months, like other seasonal respiratory viruses.
Symptoms of HMPV
The symptoms of HMPV are often similar to those of other respiratory infections, such as the flu or RSV. These can range from mild to severe, depending on age and general health. Common symptoms include –
1. Runny or stuffy nose: Persistent nasal congestion and runny nose.
2. Cough: Dry or productive cough that may worsen over time.
3. Fever: Mild to moderate fever is common.
4. Sore throat: Irritation and discomfort in the throat.
5. Wheezing: a whistling sound when breathing, indicating airway obstruction.
6. Shortness of breath: Difficulty breathing, especially in severe cases.
7. Fatigue and Discomfort: Persistent tiredness and general weakness.
8. Bronchiolitis and pneumonia: Severe cases can cause lung infections that require medical intervention.
For infants, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems, HMPV can cause serious respiratory complications that may require hospitalization.
HPV prevention
As there is currently no antiviral treatment or specific vaccine for HMPV, prevention focuses on reducing the risk of infection and minimizing its spread:
1. Hand hygiene: Wash your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
2. Use hand sanitizer: Alcohol-based sanitizers can be effective when soap is not available.
3. Avoid close contact: Stay away from people who show symptoms of respiratory illness.
4. Respiratory etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
5. Disinfect surfaces: Periodically clean frequently touched surfaces, such as doorknobs, phones, and tables.
6. Avoid touching your face: Refrain from touching your eyes, nose and mouth with dirty hands.
7. Stay home if you are unwell: Infected people should isolate themselves to prevent the spread of the virus.
8. Improve Immunity: Maintain a healthy lifestyle with proper nutrition, exercise and sleep.
Conclusion
The recent increase in HMPV infections has highlighted the importance of surveillance and preventive measures to control its spread. While most infections are mild, vulnerable populations remain at higher risk for serious complications. Awareness, hygiene and timely medical intervention are key tools to manage the impact of HMPV. With respiratory viruses becoming a growing concern around the world, it is critical to stay informed and proactive to protect both individual and public health.
